today, due to qualitative growth and scientific advances, energy, especially electricity is increasingly needed by human society. one of the almost endless and pure energy which have been paid attention over the years is the solar energy. solar cells directly convert solar energy into electrical energy and are one of the main blocks of photovoltaic systems. significant improvement has been made...

A first-principles tutorial account is given for the diffraction of either light or free, non-relativistic, massive particles from a moving grating. Discussion on the properties of the moving grating including non-reciprocity is followed by considering both Raman-Nath (thin grating) diffraction and Bragg (thick grating) diffraction in either transmission or reflection geometry. Use of four-mome...

Diffraction grating is periodic module used in many engineering fields, its geometrical conception gives interesting properties of diffraction and interferences, a uniform and periodic diffraction grating consists of a number of identical apertures that are equally spaced, in this case, the amplitude of intensity distribution in the far field region is generally modulated by diffraction pattern...

A prism grating using polymer stabilized liquid crystal was fabricated and its diffraction characteristics evaluated. Such a prism grating exhibits not only a periodic grating structure but also a prism-like gradient refractive index within each grating period. As a result, the diffraction behavior is asymmetric. The first order exhibits high diffraction efficiency while the zeroth order has a ...

The properties of binary blazed grating were theoretically analyzed with finite-difference time -domain (FDTD) method. The diffraction efficiencies and diffraction angles of –1, 0, and +1 order for the grating varying with wavelength, grating structure, and the etch depth were studied when the incident angle was 30°. The numerical simulations revealed that the binary blazed grating presented hi...

The “Grating Diffraction Calculator” (GD-Calc) is a MATLAB-based, electromagnetic simulation program that computes diffraction efficiencies of optical grating structures, including biperiodic gratings. The program’s capabilities include a general and flexible grating modeling facility, structure parameterization (with any number of parameters), and unrestricted control over diffraction order se...

We report on emerging beam resonances appearing in diffraction patterns of a helium atom beam reflected at grazing incidence from a grating. The plane ruled grating is mounted in an out-of-plane diffraction configuration. We present the measured angular diffraction patterns as a function of the atom’s energy change along the grating normal. This presentation allows to readily trace back the pea...

An effective grating model, which generalizes effective-medium theory to the case of resonance domain surface-relief gratings, is presented. In addition to the zero order, it takes into account the first diffraction order, which obeys the Bragg condition. Modeling the surface-relief grating as an effective grating with two diffraction orders provides closed-form analytical relationships between...